Depuis le début des années 1980, le racisme environnemental est dénoncé par une partie du mouvement écologiste. Néanmoins ce discours reste encore peu diffusé. Il est pourtant crucial pour lier luttes contre le racisme et l’urgence climatique.
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WHILE ISLAMOPHOBIA, CONNECTED to forms of anti-Arab racisms and colonial and imperial histories, certainly existed prior to 2000, it exploded in Western countries after the attacks of September 11, 2001 by the jihadist organization al-Qaida. A new enemy had been found and laws discriminating against Muslim populations blossomed in Europe, North America and Australia, but also elsewhere, such as in India, Russia and China.
Western states built up Muslims as a dangerous “other” in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. The so-called “War on Terror” helped the USA and its allies to justify imperialist wars in Afghanistan, Iraq and the wider region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) under the guise of combating terrorism.
At home, in both Europe and the United States, new counterterrorism policies and measures very largely targeted Muslims, who have been treated as legitimate objects of suspicion, and other non-white populations. Building on this “otherness” and “dangerousness,” authorities have increased laws and means to monitor Muslims, to control their every move, and to constantly ensure their adherence to so called “Westen Values” or in France “Republican Values.”
Islamophobia has continued to grow in the USA and European countries over the past decade, with governments exploiting the rise of a new jihadist organization, the “Islamic State” (IS), and the arrival of millions of refugees from the MENA region to deepen their racist and repressive policies. The refugees of course are fleeing the deadly repression of authoritarian and despotic regimes, such as in Syria, the rise of the IS in Syria and Iraq, along with foreign interventions.
European Union (EU) countries are home to 20 million Muslims. Increasing number of far right and fascistic political parties throughout the continent have scapegoated Muslims and other non-white populations. National Rally (formerly known as the National Front), the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), the English Defense League, Spain’s Vox Party and the Austrian Freedom Party are some of the political parties that share a common discourse and policy to rid Europe of its “Muslim issue.”
These far-right political movements, however, are not the ones that have implemented the racist and exclusionary policies against Muslim populations. It’s the social liberal and right-wing governments that have done so. Successive center-right political leaders have, for instance, repeatedly spoken against “Islamist terrorism” (German Chancellor Angela Merkel) and the incompatibility with European values of so-called “Islamist separatism” (French President Emmanuel Macron).
The article will discuss the growing Islamophobic political atmosphere and rising violence against Muslims in Europe, which also served to attack more generally the democratic rights of wider sectors of the society, especially leftist groups and activists.
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Dans la nuit du 21 mars 2021, Recep Tayyip Erdogan a ratifié la sortie de la Turquie de la Convention d’Istanbul, que le pays avait signée en 2011. C’était alors un des premiers pays à soutenir cette convention contre la violence à l’égard des femmes et la violence conjugale et familiale.
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C’est une guerre qui dure depuis 10 ans. La Syrie a récemment passé le cap d’une décennie de conflit. La répression a démarré en mars 2011 lorsque les Syriennes et Syriens sont descendus dans la rue pour réclamer le départ du gouvernement en place. En dix ans, le conflit a fait plus de 400’000 morts alors que 12 millions de personnes ont été déplacées, dont la moitié à l’étranger. Joseph Daher est maître d’enseignement à l’Université de Lausanne et spécialiste de la Syrie.
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Nearly 10 years after the beginning of the uprising turned into a war with multiple regional and international actors involved, the Syrian regime controls almost 70 percent of Syrian territory thanks to the political, economic, and military assistance provided by its allies, Russia and Iran. Damascus however faces huge socioeconomic challenges, which are far from being overcome.
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